What is sinus arrhythmia? Heartbeats are like clockwork. In the same way the second hand on a clock ticks regularly each second, the heart has an electrical impulse that is generated and leads to a heartbeat in a regular manner. The timing between each of these generated impulses is known as the P-P interval. Show
At myheart.net we’ve helped millions of people through our articles and answers. Now our authors are keeping readers up to date with cutting edge heart disease information through twitter. Follow Dr Ahmed on Twitter @MustafaAhmedMD Follow @MustafaAhmedMD Most individuals have a minor variation in the P-P interval. Usually however this is small, <0.16 seconds. In individuals with sinus arrhythmia however, the P-P interval may vary by > 0.16 seconds.  Is Sinus Arrhythmia Normal?There are typically 2 types of sinus arrhythmia. By far the most common is basically benign and known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Here the variation in the heart rate is related to the breathing cycle. The rate increases when the person breathes in and decreases when the person breathes out. Its what we call a physiological response and isn’t considered a significant abnormality. Its much more common in children and tends to decrease with age. The cause isn’t exactly known, but is thought related to reflexes related to the pulmonary and the vascular systems. As you can imagine, the sinus arrhythmia may be more pronounced in very heavy breathers, such as people with sleep apnea. The other form of sinus arrhythmia is less common and known as non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia. It is more common in the elderly where it may occur in association with heart disease. Once again the exact cause is unknown. Sinus arrhythmia is most commonly seen when the heart rate is slow. And when the heart rate speeds up, during exercise for example, the rhythm tends to become regular. In general, the presence of sinus arrhythmia is not indicative of the need for further testing and people can be reassured as to its generally benign nature. Other articles you may find interesting Afib with RVR PVC heart beats The Widowmaker 4.42/5 (95) Robert M. Kliegman MD, in Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 2020 Phasic sinus arrhythmia represents a
normal physiologic variation in impulse discharges from the sinus node related to respirations. The heart rate slows during expiration and accelerates during inspiration. Occasionally, if the sinus rate becomes slow enough, anescape beat arises from the atrioventricular (AV) junction region (Fig. 462.1). Normal phasic sinus arrhythmia is caused by the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system and can be quite prominent in healthy children. It may mimic frequent
premature contractions, but the relationship to the phases of respiration can be appreciated with careful auscultation. Drugs that increase vagal tone, such as digoxin, may exaggerate sinus arrhythmia; it is usually abolished by exercise. Other irregularities in sinus rhythm, especially bradycardia associated with periodic apnea, are common in premature infants. Sinus bradycardia is a result of slow discharge of impulses from the sinus
node, the heart's “natural pacemaker.” A sinus rate <90 beats/min in neonates and <60 beats/min in older children is considered sinus bradycardia. It is typically seen in well-trained athletes; in healthy individuals it generally has no significance. Sinus bradycardia may occur in systemic disease (hypothyroidism, anorexia nervosa), and it resolves when the disorder is under control. It may also be seen in association with conditions in which there is high vagal tone, such as
gastrointestinal obstruction or intracranial processes. Low-birthweight infants display great variation in sinus rate. Sinus bradycardia is common in these infants, in conjunction with apnea, and may be associated with junctional escape beats; premature atrial contractions are also frequent. These rhythm changes, especially bradycardia, appear more often during sleep and are not associated with symptoms. Usually, no therapy is necessary. Wandering
atrial pacemaker is defined as an intermittent shift in the pacemaker of the heart from the sinus node to another part of the atrium (Fig. 462.2). It is not uncommon in childhood and usually represents a normal variant. It may also be seen in association with sinus bradycardia in which the shift in atrial focus is an escape phenomenon. Extrasystoles are produced by the premature discharge of an ectopic focus that
may be situated in the atrium, the AV junction, or the ventricle. Usually, isolated extrasystoles are of no clinical or prognostic significance. Under certain circumstances, however, premature beats may be caused by organic heart disease (inflammation, ischemia, fibrosis) or drug toxicity. Premature atrial contractions orcomplexes (PACs) are common in childhood, usually in the absence of cardiac disease. Depending on the
degree of prematurity of the beat (coupling interval) and the preceding R-R interval (cycle length), PACs may result in a normal, a prolonged (aberrancy), or an absent (blocked PAC) QRS complex. The last occurs when the premature impulse cannot conduct to the ventricle due to refractoriness of the AV node or distal conducting system (Fig. 462.3). Atrial extrasystoles must be distinguished from premature ventricular contractions. Careful scrutiny of the electrocardiogram (ECG) for a
premature P wave preceding the QRS will show either a premature P wave superimposed on and deforming the preceding T wave or a P wave that is premature and has a different contour from that of the other sinus P waves. PACs usually reset the sinus node pacemaker, leading to an incomplete compensatory pause, but this feature is not regarded as a reliable means of differentiating atrial from ventricular premature complexes in children. Pediatric ArrhythmiasRonald J. Kanter MD, ... Michael J. Silka MD, in Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children (Second Edition), 2006 Sinus ArrhythmiaSinus arrhythmia is an irregular rhythm originating in the sinus node characterized by variable PP intervals. All P waves are identical or nearly identical. In most children there is normal variability in PP intervals associated with the respiratory cycle (the rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration). Criteria for the normal range of sinus arrhythmia vary; in children, a variation in PP interval of 100% or more suggests sinus node dysfunction. Generally, sinus arrhythmia is at most mildly symptomatic (e.g., palpitations) and warrants no specific treatment. From a practical standpoint, sinus arrhythmia must be differentiated from pathologic sinus pauses that may be responsible for more significant symptoms, such as syncope. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323012812500102 Bradyarrhythmias and Atrioventricular BlockDouglas P. Zipes MD, in Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2019 Sinus ArrhythmiaSinus arrhythmia is characterized by a phasic variation in sinus cycle length during which the maximum sinus cycle length minus the minimum sinus cycle length exceeds 120 milliseconds or the maximum sinus cycle length minus the minimum sinus cycle length divided by the minimum sinus cycle length exceeds 10% (Fig. 40.1B). It is the most frequent form of arrhythmia and is considered a normal event. P wave morphology does not usually vary, and the PR interval exceeds 120 milliseconds and remains unchanged because the focus of discharge remains relatively fixed within the sinus node. On occasion, the pacemaker focus can wander within the sinus node, or its exit to the atrium may change and produce P waves of a slightly different contour (but not retrograde) and a slightly changing PR interval that exceeds 120 milliseconds. Sinus arrhythmia usually occurs in the young, especially those with slower heart rates or after enhanced vagal tone, such as following the administration of digitalis or morphine or athletic training, and decreases with age or with autonomic dysfunction, such as in diabetic neuropathy. Sinus arrhythmia appears in two basic forms. In the respiratory form the P-P interval cyclically shortens during inspiration, primarily as a result of reflex inhibition of vagal tone, and slows during expiration; breath-holding eliminates the variation in cycle length (seeChapter 35). Nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia is characterized by a phasic variation in the P-P interval unrelated to the respiratory cycle and can be the result of digitalis intoxication. Loss of sinus rhythm variability is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (seeChapter 42). Symptoms produced by sinus arrhythmia are uncommon, but on occasion, if the pauses are excessively long, palpitations or dizziness can result. Marked sinus arrhythmia can produce a sinus pause sufficiently long to cause syncope if it is not accompanied by an escape rhythm. Treatment is usually unnecessary. Increasing the heart rate by exercise or drugs generally abolishes sinus arrhythmia. Symptomatic individuals may experience relief from palpitations with sedatives, tranquilizers, atropine, ephedrine, or isoproterenol administration, as for the treatment of sinus bradycardia. Ventriculophasic Sinus Arrhythmia.The most common example of ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia occurs during complete AV block and a slow ventricular rate, when P-P cycles that contain a QRS complex are shorter than P-P cycles without a QRS complex. Similar lengthening can be present in the P-P cycle that follows a PVC with a compensatory pause. Alterations in the P-P interval are probably caused by the influence of the autonomic nervous system responding to changes in ventricular stroke volume. Sinus Pause or Sinus Arrest.Sinus pause or sinus arrest is recognized by a pause in the sinus rhythm (eFig. 40.1). The P-P interval delimiting the pause does not equal a multiple of the basic P-P interval. Differentiation of sinus arrest, which is thought to be caused by slowing or cessation of spontaneous sinus node automaticity and therefore a disorder of impulse formation, from sinoatrial (SA) exit block in patients with sinus arrhythmia can be difficult without direct recordings of sinus node discharge. EFIGURE 40.1. Sinus arrest. The patient had a long-term electrocardiographic recorder connected when he died suddenly of cardiac standstill. The rhythms demonstrate progressive sinus bradycardia and sinus arrest at 8:41am. The rhythm then becomes a ventricular escape rhythm, which progressively slows and finally ceases at 8:47am. The paired electrocardiographic strips are continuous recordings. Failure of sinus nodal discharge results in the absence of atrial depolarization and in periods of ventricular asystole if escape beats initiated by latent pacemakers do not occur (eFig. 40.1). Involvement of the sinus node by acute MI, degenerative fibrotic changes, effects of digitalis toxicity, stroke, or excessive vagal tone can produce sinus arrest. Transient sinus arrest (especially while sleeping) may have no clinical significance by itself if latent pacemakers promptly escape to prevent ventricular asystole or the genesis of other arrhythmias precipitated by the slow rates. Sinus arrest and AV block have been demonstrated in many patients with sleep apnea (seeChapter 87). Treatment is as outlined earlier for sinus bradycardia. In patients who have a chronic form of sinus node disease characterized by marked sinus bradycardia or sinus arrest, permanent pacing is often necessary. However, as a general rule, chronic pacing for sinus bradycardia is indicated only in symptomatic patients or those with a sinus pause exceeding 3 seconds while awake. Sinoatrial Exit Block.SA exit block is an arrhythmia that is recognized electrocardiographically by a pause resulting from absence of the normally expected P wave (eFig. 40.2). The duration of the pause is a multiple of the basic P-P interval. SA exit block is caused by a conduction disturbance during which an impulse formed within the sinus node fails to depolarize the atria or does so with delay (eFig. 40.3). An interval without P waves that equals approximately two, three, or four times the normal P-P cycle characterizes type II second-degree SA exit block. During type I (Wenckebach) second-degree SA exit block, the P-P interval progressively shortens before the pause, and the duration of the pause is less than two P-P cycles. (SeeChapter 35 for further discussion of Wenckebach intervals.) First-degree SA exit block cannot be recognized on the electrocardiogram (ECG) because SA nodal discharge is not recorded. Third-degree SA exit block can be manifested as a complete absence of P waves and is difficult to diagnose with certainty without sinus node electrograms. EFIGURE 40.2. Sinus nodal exit block.A, Type I SA nodal exit block has the following features. The P-P interval shortens from the first to the second cycle in each grouping, followed by a pause. The duration of the pause is less than twice the shortest cycle length, and the cycle after the pause exceeds the cycle before the pause. The PR interval is normal and constant. Lead V1 is shown.B, The P-P interval varies slightly because of sinus arrhythmia. The two pauses in sinus nodal activity equal twice the basic P-P interval and are consistent with a type II 2 : 1 SA nodal exit block. The PR interval is normal and constant. Lead III recording is shown. EFIGURE 40.3. Sinus node exit block. After a period of atrial pacing (only the last paced cycle is shown), a sinus node exit block developed. The tracing demonstrates sinus node potentials (arrowheads), recorded with a catheter electrode, not conducting to the atrium until the last complex. Recordings are leads I, II, III, and V1, right atrial recording, sinus node recording, and RV apical recording. The bottom tracing is femoral artery blood pressure. Excessive vagal stimulation, acute myocarditis, MI, or fibrosis involving the atrium, as well as drugs such as quinidine, procainamide, flecainide and digitalis, can produce SA exit block. SA exit block is usually transient. It may be of no clinical importance except to prompt a search for the underlying cause. On occasion, syncope can result if the SA block is prolonged and unaccompanied by an escape rhythm. SA exit block can occur in well-trained athletes. Therapy for patients who have symptomatic SA exit block is as outlined earlier for sinus bradycardia. Wandering Pacemaker.This variant of sinus arrhythmia involves passive transfer of the dominant pacemaker focus from the sinus node to latent pacemakers that have the next highest degree of automaticity located in other atrial sites (usually lower in the crista terminalis) or in AV junctional tissue. The change occurs in a gradual fashion over the duration of several beats; thus only one pacemaker at a time controls the rhythm, in sharp contrast to AV dissociation. The ECG displays a cyclic increase in the R-R interval: a PR interval that gradually shortens and can become less than 120 milliseconds, and a change in the P wave contour that becomes negative in lead I or II (depending on the site of discharge) or is lost within the QRS complex (eFig. 40.4). In general, these changes occur in reverse as the pacemaker shifts back to the sinus node. Wandering pacemaker is a normal phenomenon that often occurs in very young persons and particularly in athletes, presumably because of augmented vagal tone. Persistence of an AV junctional rhythm for long periods, however, may indicate underlying heart disease (eFigs. 40.5and40.6). Treatment is not usually indicated but, if necessary, is the same as that for sinus bradycardia (see earlier). EFIGURE 40.4. Wandering atrial pacemaker. As the heart rate slows, the P waves become inverted and then gradually revert toward normal when the heart rate speeds up again. The PR interval shortens to 0.14 second with the inverted P wave and is 0.16 second with the upright P wave. This phasic variation in cycle length with varying P wave contour suggests a shift in pacemaker site and is characteristic of a wandering atrial pacemaker. EFIGURE 40.5. AV junctional rhythm.Top, AV junctional discharge occurs fairly regularly at a rate of approximately 50 beats/min. Retrograde atrial activity follows each junctional discharge.Bottom, Recording made on a different day in the same patient. The AV junctional rate is slightly more variable, and retrograde P waves precede onset of the QRS complex. The positive terminal portion of the P wave gives the appearance of AV dissociation, which was not present. EFIGURE 40.6. Nonparoxysmal AV junctional tachycardia.A, Control.B, Response to carotid sinus massage.C, Response to atropine, 1 mg intravenously. Note that His bundle depolarization is the earliest recordable electrical activity in each cycle. The atria are depolarized retrogradely; low right atrial activity recorded in the bipolar His electrogram (BHE) precedes high right atrial activity recorded in the bipolar atrial electrogram (BAE). Note also that carotid sinus massage slows the junctional discharge rate, whereas atropine speeds it up. From these tracings alone, one could not distinguish the rhythm from some other types of supraventricular tachycardia. However, the onset and termination of this tachycardia were typical of nonparoxysmal AV junctional tachycardia. Arrhythmias and PacingZebulon Z. Spector MD, ... Salim F. Idriss MD, PhD, in Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children (Third Edition), 2019 Other ArrhythmiasSinus Arrhythmia.Sinus arrhythmia describes normal variability in PP intervals with the respiratory cycle (the rate increases with inspiration and decreases with expiration). Generally, sinus arrhythmia is at most mildly symptomatic (e.g., palpitations) and warrants no specific treatment. Wandering Atrial Pacemaker.Wandering atrial pacemaker is produced by the competing activity of three or more atrial pacemakers, one of which is usually the sinus node. It is an irregular rhythm characterized by variable P-wave morphology and PR intervals. As in sinus arrhythmia, the symptoms are mild, and treatment is not indicated unless long pauses are present. Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm.Accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIVR) is a rhythm originating within the ventricles that has a rate 10% or less faster than the prevailing sinus rate. It is generally well tolerated in children. AIVR may be seen in normal children or in the setting of myocardial ischemia in adults. Specific therapy is usually not needed unless the patient is hemodynamically unstable. AIVR generally terminates when the excitable focus in the ventricle becomes less active or the sinus rate accelerates. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781455707607000279 Therapy for Cardiac ArrhythmiasDouglas P. Zipes MD, in Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2019 Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias Related to the Sinus NodeInappropriate sinus tachycardia is a syndrome characterized by high sinus rates with exercise and at rest. Patients complain of palpitations at all times of day that correlate with inappropriately high sinus rates. They may not respond well to beta-blocker therapy because of lack of desired effect or occurrence of side effects. Ivabradine, which blocks If (principal pacemaker current in sinus node) is indicated for treatment of heart failure but has been used with some success in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia.28 When the sinus node area is to be ablated because of drug-refractory symptoms, it can be identified anatomically and electrophysiologically, and ablative lesions are usually placed between the superior vena cava and crista terminalis at sites of early atrial activation. Intracardiac echocardiography can help in defining the anatomy and in positioning the ablation catheter. Isoproterenol may be helpful in “forcing” the site of impulse formation to cells with the most rapid discharge rate. Care must be taken to apply RF energy at the most cephalad sites first; initial ablation performed farther down the crista terminalis does not alter the atrial rate at the time but can damage any subsidiary pacemaker regions that may be needed after the sinus node has eventually been ablated. IndicationsPatients withpersistent inappropriate sinus tachycardia should be considered for ablation only after clear failure of medical therapy, because the results of ablation are often less than completely satisfactory. Whenever ablation is performed in the region of the sinus node, the patient should be apprised of the chance of needing a pacemaker after the procedure. Phrenic nerve damage and superior vena caval stenosis are also possibilities. ResultsAlthough a good technical result may be obtained at the time of the procedure for inappropriate sinus tachycardia, symptoms often persist because of recurrence of rapid sinus rates (at or near preablation rates) or for nonarrhythmic reasons. In some, after the atrial rate decreases, an inappropriately rapid junctional rhythm (80 to 90/min) is present; this may indicate an overall increased sensitivity of cells with pacemaker capacity to catecholamines in these patients. Multiple ablation sessions are needed in some patients, and approximately 20% eventually undergo pacemaker implantation; however, not all these patients have relief of symptoms, including palpitations, despite a normal heart rate. Electrocardiographic Technology of Cardiac ArrhythmiasDaniel M. Shindler, John B. Kostis, in Sleep Disorders Medicine (Third Edition), 2009 Sinus ArrhythmiaSinus arrhythmia is especially easy to notice with slowing of the heart rate during sleep. The P-wave morphology usually does not change. If it does change, the changes are phasic and the P waves do not appear retrograde. There should be a 10% difference between the maximum and minimum cardiac cycle length. Atrioventricular conduction is normal. This is manifested as a PR interval greater than 120 msec. A shorter PR interval with an abnormal P wave would indicate that the beats are not of sinus origin. The variations in sinus cycle length may be phasic, with respiration becoming shorter with inspiration due to reflex inhibition of vagal tone. This form of sinus arrhythmia disappears with apnea. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780750675840000136 Sinus Node DysfunctionZiad F. Issa MD, ... Douglas P. Zipes MD, in Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology (Third Edition), 2019 Sinus ArrhythmiaSinus arrhythmia is present when the P wave morphology is normal and consistent and the P-P intervals vary by more than 120 milliseconds (or by more than 10% of the shortest P-P interval). The PR interval generally does not vary significantly (because of the consistent site of impulse generation, i.e., the sinus node). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is mediated by atrial stretch receptors, which respond to increased and decreased venous return during inspiration and expiration by speeding or slowing sinus rate, respectively. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is not an abnormal rhythm and is most commonly seen in young healthy subjects, especially those with slower heart rates or with enhanced vagal tone.34 Nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia, in which phasic changes in sinus rate are not related to the respiratory cycle, can be accentuated by the use of vagal agents such as digitalis and morphine; its mechanism is unknown. Patients with nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia are likely to be older and to have underlying cardiac disease, although the arrhythmia itself is not a marker for structural heart disease. None of the sinus arrhythmias (respiratory or nonrespiratory) indicate SND. In addition, respiratory variation in the sinus P wave contour can be seen in the inferior leads and should not be confused with wandering atrial pacemaker, which is unrelated to breathing and therefore is not phasic. Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia is an unusual rhythm that occurs when sinus rhythm and high-grade or complete AV block coexist; it is characterized by shorter P-P intervals when they enclose QRS complexes and longer P-P intervals when no QRS complexes are enclosed (Fig. 8.7). The mechanism is uncertain but may be related to the effects of the mechanical ventricular systole itself: ventricular contraction increases the blood supply to the sinus node, thereby transiently increasing its firing rate. Ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia is not a pathological arrhythmia and should not be confused with premature atrial complexes or sinoatrial block. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323523561000086 Cardiac ArrhythmiasJames W. Little DMD, MS, ... Nelson L. Rhodus DMD, MPH, in Little and Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient (Eighth Edition), 2013 Sinus Nodal Disturbances• Sinus arrhythmia. Sinus arrhythmia is characterized by phasic variation in sinus cycle length.14 In the respiratory type, heart rate increases with inhalation and decreases with exhalation. It is seen predominantly in the young and reflects variations in parasympathetic and sympathetic signals to the heart and is considered a normal event. Nonrespiratory sinus arrhythmia is unrelated to respiratory effort and is seen in digitalis intoxication. •Sinus tachycardia. Tachycardia in an adult is defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute, with otherwise normal findings on the ECG.14 The rate usually is between 100 and 180 beats per minute. This condition most often is a physiologic response to exercise, anxiety, stress, or emotion. Pathophysiologic causes include fever, hypotension, hypoxia, infection, anemia, hyperthyroidism, and heart failure. Drugs that may cause sinus tachycardia include atropine, epinephrine, alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine. •Sinus bradycardia. Bradycardia is defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute, with an otherwise normal ECG tracing.14 It often coexists with a sinus arrhythmia. It is relatively common among well-conditioned athletes and healthy young adults and decreases in prevalence with advancing age. Pathophysiologic causes of bradycardia include intracranial tumor, increased intracranial pressure, myxedema, hypothermia, and gram-negative sepsis. Bradycardia may occur during vomiting and vasovagal syncope and as the result of carotid sinus stimulation. Drugs that may cause bradycardia include lithium, amiodarone, beta blockers, clonidine, and calcium channel blockers. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323080286000051 Sinus RhythmsIn Chou's Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice (Sixth Edition), 2008 VENTRICULOPHASIC SINUS ARRHYTHMIAVentriculophasic sinus arrhythmia is seen in patients with partial or complete atrioventricular (AV) block. The PP interval containing the QRS complex is shorter than the PP interval not containing the QRS complex.14,15 This phenomenon was observed in about 30 to 40 percent of cases with complete AV block and less often with second-degree AV block (Figure 13-2). Changes in intracardiac pressure and volume and in stroke volume are probably responsible for the reflex-mediated changes in the sinus cycle. Differences in perfusion of the sinus node may also play a role in this phenomenon. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416037743100139 Atrioventricular Conduction AbnormalitiesZiad F. Issa MD, ... Douglas P. Zipes MD, in Clinical Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology (Third Edition), 2019 Ventriculophasic Sinus ArrhythmiaVentriculophasic sinus arrhythmia can be observed whenever there is second- or third-degree AV block, and it is manifest as intermittent differences in the P-P intervals based on their relationship with the QRS complex. The two P waves surrounding a QRS complex have a shortened interval or occur at a faster rate when compared with two P waves that occur sequentially without an intervening QRS complex (see Fig. 9.22). The mechanism of this phenomenon is not certain. However, it has been suggested that ventricular contractions enhance sinus node automaticity by increasing the pulsatile blood flow through the sinus nodal artery and by mechanical stretch on the sinus node. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323523561000098 What is a typical cause for sinus arrhythmia?What causes sinus arrhythmia? It's not clear what causes people to develop a sinus arrhythmia. Researchers suspect that a connection between the heart, lungs, and vascular system may play a role. In older individuals, a sinus arrhythmia can occur as a result of heart disease or another heart condition.
How do you treat sinus arrhythmia?What medications treat arrhythmias?. Anti-arrhythmic drugs are drugs used to convert the arrhythmia to sinus rhythm (normal rhythm) or to prevent an arrhythmia.. Heart-rate control drugs are drugs used to control the heart rate.. What is the most common form of sinus arrhythmia?There are typically 2 types of sinus arrhythmia. By far the most common is basically benign and known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Here the variation in the heart rate is related to the breathing cycle.
Does sinus arrhythmia need treatment?Some heart arrhythmias do not need treatment. Your doctor may recommend regular checkups to monitor your condition. Heart arrhythmia treatment is usually only needed if the irregular heartbeat is causing significant symptoms, or if the condition is putting you at risk of more-serious heart problems.
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What is sinus arrhythmia of the heart
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