water Plain old water | 45% - 55% |
sodium ascorbyl phosphate A stable derivative of vitamin C. It is oil-soluble which means it is more likely to penetrate the skin compared to the pure form of vitamin C (which is water-soluble), but it is less bio-available and is way less effective in stimulating collagen and reducing wrinkles compared to the pure form of vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) and its other derivatives (for example, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate). At the same time, this vitamin C derivative has been shown in studies to be effective in reducing acne, blemishes and clogged pores. It is less irritating then the pure form of vitamin C | 7.8% - 9.5% |
coco-caprylate An emollient that softens skin and creates a nice product texture | 4.8% - 5.9% |
glycerin One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Naturally present in skin. It attracts water to the upper layer of the skin working as a humectant | 3.1% - 3.8% |
niacinamide Is proven to be effective in reducing blemishes, evening out skin tone and helping to improve lines and wrinkles. It helps the skin to repair sun damage, calm down inflammation and keep maintain good levels of moisture. The concentration of about 2% is effective for supporting the skin barrier and evening out the skin tone. Concentration of 4-6% is better for helping with acne and balancing the sebum production | 2.3% - 2.8% |
cetearyl olivate Helps oil and water mix together | 1.9% - 2.3% |
citric acid Can work as an exfoliant but is typically used to adjust the product pH | 1.6% - 2% |
sorbitan olivate Helps oil and water mix together | 1.4% - 1.7% |
glyceryl caprylate An emollient that can also help water and oil mix together, as well as prevent bacteria growth in products | 1.2% - 1.5% |
xanthan gum Used to create a thicker product consistency | 0.95% - 1.15% |
saccharide isomerate Helps attract water to the upper layer of the skin | 0.7% - 1.05% |
jojoba esters An emollient made of jojoba oil. Helps soften the skin and support its barrier function | 0.6% - 0.95% |
tocopherol Pure form of vitamin E. Can help moisturise and protect the skin from free radicals. Often used to help stabilise other ingredients or the formula itself | 0.55% - 0.8% |
bisabolol An active component of chamomile plant that historically has been used to calm down irritated skin. A recent study shows that bisabolol indeed can have some anti-inflammatory effect on skin, even though conclusive data is lacking. Bisabolol has a sweet floral scent and can be added to products for its aromatic properties | 0.45% - 0.7% |
unknown The ingredient is not recognized | TBC |
roe extract | 0.45% - 0.65% |
helianthus annuus seed oil A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function | 0.5% - 0.75% |
terminalia ferdinandiana fruit extract A plant extract that might have some anti-oxidant effect in skin, but evidence is lacking | 0.45% - 0.65% |
sodium hyaluronate One of the best moisturizing ingredients. Attracts water into the upper layer of the skin | 0.4% - 0.6% |
rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract Can be helpful in reducing inflammation in skin, including inflamed acne. It can be irritating | 0.3% - 0.55% |
polyglycerin-3 Helps to attract water to the upper layer of the skin | 0.3% - 0.6% |
sodium citrate Helps to control the skin's pH level. Maintains the skin's natural film of amino-lactic acids and oils. Helps to preserve products | 0.3% - 0.55% |
caprylhydroxamic acid A preservative | 0.25% - 0.5% |
lecithin Used mostly for creating emulsions - helping oil and water mix together. Helps soften the upper layer of the skin | 0.3% - 0.55% |
sclerotium gum Used to create gel-like formulas and stabilize emulsions | 0.25% - 0.5% |
sodium phytate Used to stabilize product formulations | 0.25% - 0.45% |
alcohol Can be drying and contribute to skin irritation. Used in formulars to dissolve other ingredients, create a thinner product consistency or for its antibacterial properties | 0.2% - 0.4% |
silica Used to absorb oil and can temporarily mattify skin | 0.35% - 0.6% |
pullulan Creates a thin drying film on the skin resulting in a short-term tightening effect | 0.2% - 0.35% |
helianthus annuus seed oil A great emollient due to its high linoleic acid content. One of the most effective plant oils in helping skin hydration and repairing skin barrier function | 0.2% - 0.35% |
unknown The ingredient is not recognized | TBC |
parfum An aromatic blend of unspecified and possibly irritating ingredients | 0.1% - 0.2% |
citrus bergamia peel oil expressed | 0.05% - 0.1% |
citrus aurantium dulcis oil Used as a fragrance. It can be irritating and cause photosensitivity | 0.05% - 0.1% |
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