Canine distemper adenovirus type 2 parainfluenza parvovirus vaccine

Overview

Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a member of the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae.1 CDV not only affects domestic and wild dogs worldwide, but a wide range of other hosts in the wild, in addition to domestic Ferrets.2 CDV is transmitted via aerosolized respiratory secretions of infected animals causing fever, respiratory distress, and other complications which may lead to neurologic impairment and death.3 Vaccination is considered highly successful in contributing to lower CDV prevalence in areas where routine vaccination programs are adhered to.4

Canine Adenovirus (CAV)

Canine adenovirus Type-1 (CAV-1) is the cause of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), while canine adenovirus Type-2 (CAV-2) can cause or contribute to canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly referred to as Kennel Cough. ICH is transmitted via ingestion of infected bodily secretions, resulting in vomiting, abdominal pain, and (often bloody) diarrhea. Sudden death can occur in severely affected dogs.5 Vaccines for CAV-2 also provide protection against CAV-1, and has shown to have contributed to a decrease in incidence of ICH.6

Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPiV)

Canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV), also a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is closely related to CDV, and is also referred to as parainfluenza virus 5 (PV5), and previously simian virus 5 (SV5),7 for its close relationship to human and simian parainfluenza viruses.9 Additionally, CPiV is primarily associated with Canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD), commonly referred to as Kennel Cough.10

Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) belongs to the feline parvovirus subgroup in the genus Parvovirus.11 Strains of the virus, particularly CPV-2, cause a highly contagious and potentially fatal disease marked by (often bloody) diarrhea, which may or may not be accompanied by vomiting and other varying signs of illness. Testing for Parvovirus, as part of our in-house Laboratory service, indicates the presence of CPV antigen from strain CPV-1, and strain CPV-2 (including 2a, 2b, and 2c).12

Parvoviruses are particularly resistant to temperature extremes, where they are able to survive subzero temperatures for up to one year,13 and as high as 158° F for at least 30 minutes.14 Moreover, parvoviruses are able to survive for up to five (5) months on inanimate objects at normal temperatures,14 and even longer outdoors if protected from sunlight and other drying conditions.13

Testing Requirements

Testing for Canine Parvovirus is required if a veterinarian suspects your dog may have the disease. Due to the resilience and relatively high level of communicability of parvoviruses, and because diagnosis based on often varying symptoms alone can prove difficult; testing is performed with the health safety of your and all our other canine patients in mind (those of both our other clients and our staff). This allows our veterinarians to pursue an appropriate treatment plan for your dog, while we implement a hospital and staff decontamination protocol to minimize the possibility of transmitting the virus to (an)other patient(s).

Vaccination

Distemper, adenovirus [Type-2], parainfluenza, and parvovirus (DA2PP) are components of the first of two core dog vaccines, the second of which is for Leptospirosis. The vaccine for DA2PP is administered according to the following schedule, which may be modified depending on your dog’s prior vaccination history:

Notice

The DA2PP vaccine is administered in series. It is important not to miss the booster of your dog’s first vaccines, as this may necessitate restarting the series.

Either period between the first three vaccinations should not exceed three (3) to four (4) weeks; if either period exceeds six (6) weeks (42 days), the series must be restarted.

References

DA2PP is a multivalent vaccine for dogs that protects against the viruses indicated by the alphanumeric characters forming the abbreviation: D for canine distemper,[1] A2 for canine adenovirus type 2, which offers cross-protection to canine adenovirus type 1 (the more pathogenic of the two strains) (see Canine adenovirus),[1] the first P for canine parvovirus,[1] and the second P for parainfluenza.[1] Because infectious canine hepatitis is another name for canine adenovirus type 1, an H is sometimes used instead of A. In DA2PPC, the C indicates canine coronavirus. This is not considered a core vaccination and is therefore often excluded from the abbreviation.[2]

This vaccine is usually given to puppies at 6–8 weeks of age, followed by 10–12 weeks of age, and then 14–16 weeks of age. This vaccine is given again at 1 year of age and then annually, or every 3 years depending on local and national laws. Some veterinarians' recommended vaccine schedules may differ from this.[3]

DA2PPC does not include vaccination against Bordetella, but the combination of Bordetella with DA2PPC significantly reduces kennel cough infection through prevention of adenovirus, distemper, and parainfluenza.

DHPP, DAPP, DA2PP, and DAPPC are not the same. The names are often used interchangeably but they are different. Distemper, adenovirus type 1 (thus hepatitis), parainfluenza, and parvovirus are covered by all 4, but only DAPPC covers coronavirus.

Core vs. non-core vaccines[edit]

Core vaccinations are almost always necessary for the long-term wellbeing of the life of a dog. Non-core vaccinations are there for preventative measures that may protect against deadly diseases that the dog may encounter in their lifespan.[2]

Distemper[edit]

The DA2PPC vaccine protects against the debilitating and deadly disease canine distemper. This disease is a fatal viral illness that causes neurologic dysfunction, pneumonia, nonspecific systemic symptoms such as fever and fatigue, and weight loss, as well as upper respiratory symptoms and diarrhea, poor appetite, and vomiting.[4] There is no antiviral drug effective against the canine distemper virus. Treatment is supportive and consists of antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, anticonvulsants for seizures, and intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration.[4] Given the lethality of distemper and the relative rarity of side effects from the vaccine, all reputable veterinarians recommend the DA2PPC vaccine. It is recommended that the pet owner vaccinate for distemper even if the other preventatives are not a concern.

Adenovirus[edit]

Adenovirus is prevented by the DA2PPC vaccine representing the adenovirus type 2. Adenovirus type 2 is responsible for the infectious, viral disease kennel cough. This is an upper respiratory disease most associated with bronchitis and bronchiolitis (swelling of the bronchial tubes). Unvaccinated dogs and puppies are most susceptible to the disease. DA2PPC also protects against the more virulent strain, adenovirus Type 1 (see canine adenovirus). Type 1 adenovirus, also called canine hepatitis, is a DNA viral upper respiratory infection contracted through contact of a mucous membrane. Symptoms include: vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, swollen lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and an enlarged liver.[5]

Parvovirus[edit]

DA2PPC vaccine is a preventive measure against parvovirus, one of the most important diseases the vaccine protects a puppy against. Parvovirus causes lethargy, abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stool, and fever. The persistent loss of fluid leads to dehydration and septic shock which is often fatal. Parvo is contracted by dog-to-dog contact, contaminated fecal matter, water or food bowls, shared items, and even the clothing and floor of people who have handled dogs with parvovirus previously.[6] (see canine parvovirus) Puppies under 4 months old and unvaccinated canines are the most susceptible to the disease.

Parainfluenza[edit]

The second P in DA2PPC stands for parainfluenza. The vaccine helps protect against the highly contagious virus that is characterized by fever, runny nose, loss of appetite, lethargy, sneezing, and most notably, a dry cough. The parainfluenza virus is one of the many canine viral strains that can cause kennel cough. The disease is passed from dog-to-dog by close spaces such as boarding venues, kennels, pounds, pet shops and contacted with infected material like bedding or through mucous membrane secretions like coughing or sneezing of the infected dog.[7]

Coronavirus[edit]

This is least of the concerns for pet owners when considering the vaccination DA2PPC. The vaccine is simply a preventative measure, but does not prevent the disease completely. Like the others, coronavirus is transmitted through contaminated fecal material, food or water bowls, or contact with a previously infected dog. Puppies are the most susceptible but the disease only lasts about 24 hours and is characterized by lethargy, loss of appetite, and potent smelling, loose stool. It is not a zoonotic disease. (see also coronavirus)[8]

References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d "AKC Canine Health Foundation". www.akcchf.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
2. ^ a b "First Year Puppy Shots & Beyond (Guide to Dog Vaccinations)". 2018-07-21. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
3. ^ "A Complete Guide To Puppy Vaccinations". American Kennel Club. July 15, 2019. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
4. ^ a b "Canine distemper". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
5. ^ "Adenovirus 1 in Dogs". www.petmd.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
6. ^ "Canine parvovirus". American Veterinary Medical Association. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
7. ^ "Puppy vaccinations: canine parainfluenza virus". Royal Canin. Archived from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
8. ^ "Coronavirus Disease in Dogs". vca_corporate. Retrieved 2019-12-09.

What is canine distemper adenovirus type 2 parainfluenza vaccine?

What is parainfluenza parvovirus vaccine?

What is canine adenovirus type 2 parainfluenza Bordetella Bronchiseptica vaccine?

Does my dog need a distemper or parvo shot?